🚀 GitHub Actions 自动化工作流完全指南

💡 GitHub Actions 是 GitHub 的持续集成和持续部署（CI/CD）平台，允许开发者自动化构建、测试和部署代码。

📖 目录导航

• 🎯 GitHub Actions 简介
• 🏗️ 工作流基础
• 📝 配置文件详解
• 🔧 常用操作
• 🌟 实战案例
• 💡 最佳实践

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🎯 GitHub Actions 简介

✨ 核心特性

特性	描述	优势
🔄 自动化	代码推送自动触发工作流	提升开发效率
🌐 多平台	支持 Linux、Windows、macOS	广泛的兼容性
🔌 生态丰富	丰富的预构建 Actions	快速集成第三方服务
💰 免费配额	公共仓库免费使用	降低成本

🏗️ 基本概念

• Workflow（工作流）: 自动化过程的完整流程
• Job（作业）: 工作流中的一个执行单元
• Step（步骤）: 作业中的单个任务
• Action（动作）: 可重用的代码单元

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🏗️ 工作流基础

📁 目录结构

.github/
└── workflows/
    ├── ci.yml          # 持续集成
    ├── deploy.yml      # 部署流程
    └── test.yml        # 测试流程

🔧 基础配置

name: CI/CD Pipeline

# 触发条件
on:
  push:
    branches: [ main, develop ]
  pull_request:
    branches: [ main ]

# 作业定义
jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - name: Setup Node.js
        uses: actions/setup-node@v3
        with:
          node-version: '18'
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: npm ci
      - name: Run tests
        run: npm test

---

📝 配置文件详解

🎯 触发器配置

on:
  # 推送触发
  push:
    branches: [ main, develop ]
    paths: [ 'src/**' ]
    tags: [ 'v*' ]
  
  # PR 触发
  pull_request:
    branches: [ main ]
    types: [ opened, synchronize ]
  
  # 定时触发
  schedule:
    - cron: '0 2 * * *'  # 每天凌晨2点
  
  # 手动触发
  workflow_dispatch:
    inputs:
      environment:
        description: 'Environment to deploy'
        required: true
        default: 'staging'

🔧 作业配置

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    strategy:
      matrix:
        node-version: [16, 18, 20]
    
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
        uses: actions/checkout@v3
      
      - name: Setup Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }}
        uses: actions/setup-node@v3
        with:
          node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}
          cache: 'npm'
      
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: npm ci
      
      - name: Build project
        run: npm run build
      
      - name: Run tests
        run: npm test

---

🔧 常用操作

📥 代码检出

- name: Checkout repository
  uses: actions/checkout@v3
  with:
    fetch-depth: 0  # 获取完整历史

🔧 环境配置

- name: Setup Node.js
  uses: actions/setup-node@v3
  with:
    node-version: '18'
    cache: 'npm'
    registry-url: 'https://registry.npmjs.org'

🔒 密钥管理

- name: Deploy to production
  run: |
    echo "API_KEY=${{ secrets.API_KEY }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
    npm run deploy
  env:
    DEPLOY_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.DEPLOY_TOKEN }}

---

🌟 实战案例

🚀 前端项目 CI/CD

name: Frontend CI/CD

on:
  push:
    branches: [ main ]
  pull_request:
    branches: [ main ]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      
      - name: Setup Node.js
        uses: actions/setup-node@v3
        with:
          node-version: '18'
          cache: 'npm'
      
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: npm ci
      
      - name: Run linter
        run: npm run lint
      
      - name: Run tests
        run: npm run test:coverage
      
      - name: Upload coverage
        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
  
  build:
    needs: test
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      
      - name: Setup Node.js
        uses: actions/setup-node@v3
        with:
          node-version: '18'
          cache: 'npm'
      
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: npm ci
      
      - name: Build project
        run: npm run build
      
      - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
        uses: peaceiris/actions-gh-pages@v3
        if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
        with:
          github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
          publish_dir: ./dist

🐳 Docker 部署

name: Docker Deploy

on:
  push:
    branches: [ main ]
    tags: [ 'v*' ]

jobs:
  build-and-push:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      
      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
      
      - name: Log in to Docker Hub
        uses: docker/login-action@v2
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USERNAME }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_PASSWORD }}
      
      - name: Extract metadata
        id: meta
        uses: docker/metadata-action@v4
        with:
          images: myapp
          tags: |
            type=ref,event=branch
            type=ref,event=pr
            type=semver,pattern={{version}}
      
      - name: Build and push
        uses: docker/build-push-action@v4
        with:
          context: .
          push: true
          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}

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💡 最佳实践

🎯 性能优化

1. 缓存使用

   - name: Cache dependencies
     uses: actions/cache@v3
     with:
       path: node_modules
       key: ${{ runner.os }}-node-${{ hashFiles('**/package-lock.json') }}

2. 并行执行

   strategy:
     matrix:
       os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
       node-version: [16, 18, 20]

3. 条件执行

   - name: Deploy to production
     if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
     run: npm run deploy

🔒 安全考虑

1. 密钥管理: 使用 GitHub Secrets 存储敏感信息
2. 权限控制: 最小权限原则
3. 代码审查: 对工作流文件进行审查

📊 监控和通知

- name: Notify on failure
  if: failure()
  uses: 8398a7/action-slack@v3
  with:
    status: failure
    webhook_url: ${{ secrets.SLACK_WEBHOOK }}

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🎯 总结

GitHub Actions 为现代软件开发提供了强大的自动化能力：

🚀 核心价值

• ⚡ 自动化: 减少手动操作，提升效率
• 🔄 持续集成: 确保代码质量
• 🚀 快速部署: 自动化部署流程
• 🌐 多平台: 支持各种运行环境

💡 应用建议

1. 从简单开始: 先实现基本的 CI/CD 流程
2. 逐步优化: 根据需求添加更多功能
3. 监控和改进: 定期查看工作流执行情况
4. 团队协作: 建立统一的工作流标准

掌握 GitHub Actions 将大幅提升开发效率和代码质量！🎉

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🌟 自动化未来，高效开发 - 让 GitHub Actions 成为你的得力助手！